2015年职称英语综合B字典版小抄WORD版百度云网盘下载：链接: http://pan.baidu.com/s/1mgn8lRy 密码: pjf8
部分目录内容如下：
Teaching and LearningMany teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with1 the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect student to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance. It is the student’s responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particulary graduate students to exhaust the reference source in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but_ prefer that their students should not be_too dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties besides teaching, such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours3 or make an appointment.The Difference between Man and ComputerWhat makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet_account for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don’t. In fact, computers don’t even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer_program is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a “purpose”.Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers1. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However, these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might “want” to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so_in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well arise out of the “goal” to learn more about restaurants.
