第三十一篇 Pool Watch Swimmers can drown in busy swimming pools when lifeguards fail to notice that they are in trouble. A report says that on average 15 people drown in British pools each year, but many more suffer major injury after getting into difficulties. Now a French company has developed an artificial intelligence system called Poseidon that sounds the alarm when it sees someone in danger of drowning. When a swimmer sinks towards the bottom of the pool, the new system sends an alarm signal to a poolside monitoring station and a lifeguard's pager. In trials at a pool in Ancenis, near Nantes, it saved a life within just a few months, says Alistair McQuade, a spokesman for its maker, Poseidon Technologies. Poseidon keeps watch through a network of underwater and overhead video cameras. AI software analyses the images to work out swimmers' trajectories. To do this reliably, it has to tell the difference between a swimmer and the shadow of someone being cast onto the bottom or side of the pool. It does the same with an image from another camera viewing the shape from a different angle. If the two projections are in the same position, the shape is identified as a shadow and is ignored. But if they are different, the shape is a swimmer and so the system follows its trajectory. To pick out potential drowning victims, anyone in the water who starts to descend slowly is added to the software's "pre-alert" list, says McQuade. Swimmers who then stay immobile on the pool bottom for 5 seconds or more are considered in danger of drowning. Poseidon double-checks that the image really is of a swimmer, not a shadow, by seeing whether it obscures the pool's floor texture when viewed from overhead. If so, it alerts the lifeguard, showing the swimmer's location on a poolside screen. The first full-scale Poseidon system will be officially opened next week at a pool in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. One man who is impressed with the idea is Travor Baylis, inventor of the clockwork radio. Baylis runs a company that installs swimming pools - and he was once an underwater escapologist with a circus . "1 say full marks to them if this works and can save lives," he says. 练习： 1. AI means the same as _ . A) an image B) an idea C) anyone in the water D) artificial intelligence 2. What is required of AI software to save a life? A) It must be able to swim.' B) It must keep walking round the pool. C) It can distinguish between a swimmer and a shadow. D) It can save a life within a few months. 3. How does Poseidon save a life? A) He plunges into the pool. B) It alerts the lifeguard. C) He cries for help. D) It rushes to the pool. 4. Which of the following statements about Travor Baylis is NOT true? A) He runs. B) He invented the clockwork radio. C) He was once an entertainer. D) He runs a company. 5. The word "considered" in paragraph 5 could be best replaced by____. A) "thought" B) "rated" C) "regarded" D) "believed" 译文：泳池监护 如果救生员没有注意到游泳者遇到了麻烦，那么他们可能会在人多的游泳池里淹死。防止事 故皇家协会说每年平均有15个人在英国的游泳池里被淹死。但是更多的人在遇到麻烦后受到了重 伤。现在，一个法国公司开发了一种人工智能系统，叫做波塞冬，当它发现有人有被淹死的危险 时就会发出警报。 当一个游泳者要沉到池底时，新的系统就会给池边的监视站和救生员的呼机发出警告信号。 这个系统的制造商，波塞冬科技的发言人AlistairMcQuade说，在昂斯尼市的一个游泳池对这个系 统进行了试验，它在几个月内就救了一条人命。 波塞冬通过水下的网络和头上的摄像机进行监视。AI软件分析图像得出游泳者的轨迹。为了 可靠地做到这些，它（人工智能软件）必须能区分一个游泳的人与投射到池底或池壁的某个人的 影子。McQuade说：“水下的环境是动态的，晃动着许多投影和倒影。” 这个软件做到这些是通过把它视野内的形状投射到游泳池远处的池壁的图像上。它对另一个 从不同角度看到这个形状的摄像机上的图像做了同样的处理。如果这两个投影在同一位置，这个 形状就被认做是阴影而被忽略掉。但是如果它们是不同的，这个形状就是一个游泳者，这个系统 就会跟踪它的轨迹。 McQuade说，为了找到潜在的被淹的受害者，水中任何一个开始缓慢下沉的人都会进入软件 的“预警”名单。那些在池底停Ji不动五秒钟以上的游泳者会被认为有溺水的危险。波塞冬通过 从头上看它是否使游泳池地面的纹理变模糊，来双重确定图像是真正的游泳者，而不是阴影。假 如是这样，它就会提醒救生员，在池边的屏幕上显示游泳者的位置。 第一个完整的波塞冬系统在下个星期将在白金汗郡海威科姆镇的一个游泳池正式开放。对这 个想法印象深刻的一个人是TmvorBaylis,时钟收音机的发明者。Baylis经营一家安装游泳池的公 司——他曾经是马戏团一个水下表演脱身术的人。他说：“如果这个系统有效并且可以救人命，那 我会给它们满分。”但是他又说，任何一个花3万多英镑买波塞冬系统的地方政府都应该花同样的 钱教孩子们游泳。*第三十二篇 The Cherokee Nation Long before the white man came to the America, the land belonged to the American Indian nations. The nation of the Cherokees lived in What is now the southeastern part of the United States. After the white man came, the Cherokees copied many of their ways. One Cherokee named Sequoyah saw how important reading and writing was to the white man. He decided to invent a way to write down the spoken Cherokee language. He began by making word pictures. For each word he drew a picture. But that proved impossible-there were just too many words. Then he took the 85 sounds that made up the language. Using this own imagination and an English spelling book, Sequoyah invented a sign for each sound. His alphabet proved amazingly easy to learn. Before long, many Cherokees knew how to read and write in their own language. By 1828, they were even printing their own newspaper. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed a law. It allowed the government to remove Indians from their lands. The Cherokees refused to go. They had lived on their lands for centuries. It belonged to them. Why should they go to a strange land far beyond the Mississippi River? The army was sent to drive the Cherokees out. Soldiers surrounded their villages and marched them at gunpoint into the western territory. The sick, the old and the small children went in carts, along with their belongings. The rest of the people marched on foot or rode on horseback. It was November, yet many of them still wore their summer clothes. Cold and hungry, the Cherokees were quickly exhausted by the hardships of the journey. Many dropped dead and were buried by the roadside. When the last group arrived in their new home in March 1839, more than 4,000 had died. It was indeed a march of death. 练习： 1. The Cherokee Nation used to live A) on the American continent. B) in the southeastern part of the US. C) beyond the Mississippi River. D) in the western territory. 2. One of the ways that Sequoyah copied from the white man is the way of A) writing down the spoken language. B) Making word pictures. C) Teaching his people reading. D) Printing their own newspaper. 3. A law was passed in 1830 to A) allow the Cherokees to stay where they were. B) Send the army to help the Cherokees. C) Force the Cherokees to move westward. D) Forbid the Cherokees to read their newspaper. 4. When the Cherokees began to leave their lands. A) they went in carts. B) They went on horseback. C) They marched on foot. D) All of the above. 5. Many Cherokees died on their way to their new home mainly because A) they were not willing to go there. B) The government did not provide transportation C) They did not have enough food and clothes. D) The journey was long and boring. 译文：彻罗基部落 在白人到来之前的很长一段时间里，美洲这片土地是属于美洲印第安部落的。彻罗基部落就 生活在现在美国的东南部地区。 白人到来后，彻罗基人学习了他们的很多方法。一个叫赛史伊荷的彻罗基人看到了读书、写 字对白人的重要性。他决心创造一种方法来书写口头的彻罗基语言。他开始是制作单词图形，他 为每一个单词都画了图。但事实证明那是行不通的——单词太多了！接着他记下构成这门语言的 85种声音。根据自己的想象和英语拼读书籍，他为每一个声音创造了一个符号。他的字母表是极 其容易学的。不久彻罗基人知道了怎样用他们自己的语言去读、去写。到1828年的时候，他们已 经在印刷他们自己的报纸了。 1830年，美国议会通过了一条法令，它允许政府把印第安人从他们现在的土地上迁走。但彻 罗基人拒绝离开，他们已经在这里生活了几个世纪，这片土地是属于他们的，为什么他们要到一 个远离密西西比河的陌生地方去？军队被派来驱赶彻罗基人了，士兵包围了他们的村庄，在枪口的威胁下，他们被押往西部地 区。病人、老人和孩子坐在运送物品的大车上，剩下的人则步行或骑马。当时正值11月份，可他 们中的好多人还穿着夏天的衣服。寒冷、饥饿，彻罗基人很快便被艰苦的行程折磨得精疲力竭， 好多人倒地而死被掩埋在路旁。当1839年3月最后一批人被赶到他们的新家时，已经死了 4000 多人。这实在是一次死亡之旅。 *第三十三篇 Oseola McCarty LATE ONE SUNDAY AFTERNOON in September 1999，Oseola McCarty，an elderly cleaning lady passed away in the little wooden frame house where she had lived and worked most of her life. It may seem like an ordinary end to a humble life，but there was something quite exceptional about this woman. 1 In the summer of 1995 ，McCarty gave $ 150，000，most of the money she had saved throughout her life，to the University of Southern Mississippi in her hometown. The money was to help other African Americans through university. She had started her savings habit as a young child when she would return from school to clean and iron for money which she would then save. She led a simple，frugal existence，never spending on anything but her most basic needs. 2 Her bank also advised her on investing her hard-earned savings. When she retired，she decided that she wanted to use the money to give children of limited Means the opportunity to go to university. 3 She had wanted to become a nurse，but had to leave school to look after ill relatives and work. When asked why she had given her life savings away，she replied，“I’m giving it away so that children won't have to work so hard，like I did. ” After news of her donation hit the media，over 600 donations were made to the scholarship fund. One was given by media executive，Ted Turner，who reputedly gave a billion dollars. She didn't want any fuss made over her gift，but the news got out and she was invited all over the United States to talk to people. Wherever she went ，people would come up to her to say a few words or to just touch her. She met the ordinary and the famous，President Clinton included. In the last few years of her life，before she died of cancer，McCarty was given over 300 awards：she was honoured by the United Nations and received the Presidential Citizen' s Medal. Despite having no real education，she found herself with two honorary doctorates：one from the University of Southern Mississippi and the other from Harvard University. Her generosity was clearly an inspiration to many and proof that true selflessness does exist. 练习： 1. This woman shocked and inspired the world because _______. A) she had managed to save so much money B) she gave her money to African Americans C) she gave her life savings to help others through university D) she only spent money on cheap things 2. She managed to save so much mOI1y because_______. A) she had ironed and washed clothes all her life B) she had worked hard ，saved hard and invested carefully C) she had opened a good向 bank account D) she knew how to make money 3. She gave her money away because_______. A) she wanted to help -the university B) she wanted others to have the chance to become nurses C) she wanted others to have the opportunity to escape a hard life D) she want to be remembered after her death 4. When her generosity was made_______. A) people donated billions B) hundreds of students got scholarships C) hundreds of people put money into the fund D) she was sent to university 5. McCarty became famous because _______. A) of her generosity B) of her exceptional skills C) she had saved $ 150，000 D) she travelled all over America 译文：老妇人Oseola McCarty 1999年9月一个周日下午较晚的时候，一位上了年纪的名为McCahy的清洁工在她生活了大半辈子的小木屋中去世了。这位老妇人看似平凡的一生却有着非同寻常的意义。 1995年夏McCarty把她一生的大部分积蓄共计15万美元全部捐给了她家乡的南密西西比大 学，用于帮助大学中的黑人完成学业。她年轻的时候就养成了积蓄的习惯，那时候她从学校放学 就去做清洁工作和熨烫衣服赚钱，并将钱存起来。 她一生过着简单、节俭的生活，除了生活必需品外她从不在其他事情上花钱。 她退休的时候，决定资助那些条件有限的孩子上大学。她曾经想成为一名护士，但她不得不 离开学校照顾生病的亲戚。当问及她为什么会把一生的积蓄都捐赠出来时，她回答：“我将钱捐赠 出来，只是为了不让孩子们工作得那么辛苦，像我一样。”捐赠的消息一经传出，就有600多名捐 赠者向奖学金基金捐款。其中一人是媒体管理人员，Fed Turner,号称捐赠了10亿美元。 她从未想过她的捐赠会产生什么样的影响，但消息一经传出，她就收到了来自美国各个地方 的邀请，去向人们介绍她的事。无论她去哪，都有人去跟她说话或去摸摸她。她见到过普通大众， 也见过名流显赫，如克林顿总统。在她死于癌症的前几年，她获得了 300多个奖项，被联合国授 予过奖项，也获得过总统市民模范称号。从未受过正式教育的她，被南密西西比大学和哈佛大学 分别授予了荣誉博士学位。她的慷慨行为激励鼓舞了很多人，同时也证明了世间确实存在真正的无私。 第五部分 补全短文第一篇 What We Take from and Give to the Sea As long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it. We take fishes from the ocean --millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. (1) We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. (2) Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. (3) Seaweed becomes food of many kinds 一 even candy, and ice cream — aswell as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water.(4) But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed.In the future，we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea. The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. (5) Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever. We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas,we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late. 练习： A Natural sponges become cleaning aids. B We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump. C The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller. D Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation. E We even use their bones for fertilizer. F Some of its contents may cause illness. 译文：论我们给予大海的以及向大海索取的 自我们在地球上生活乏始，我们就开始利用环绕着陆地的海洋。我们向海洋索取的同时也在给予。 我们从海里捕鱼——为了获取百万人的食物，我们每年在海里捕数千吨的鱼，甚至连鱼的骨 头也被用来做化肥。我们从海里获得物。制盐的一种办法就是将海水放在浅底的水池里直至水 分蒸发。除了盐之外，水蒸发以后还有别的矿物质留下来，还有不少金和银的漂流物溶解在海水里。但是这些物质不能通过海水的蒸发而被我们获取。海洋赐予我们的礼物还有珍珠丨海绵和海 草。珍珠能做成珠宝，海绵可用来作为清洗东西的物品，海草可加工成许多种食品，甚至糖果、 冰淇淋以及药品。不管你相不相信，淡水也是海洋赐予我们的礼物。海水不能饮用，其中有些物 质会致病。但是去掉海水中的盐分后，海水就变成了淡水。将来，我们会越来越依赖午从海水中 取来的淡水。 海洋给予我们食物、化肥、矿物、水资源以及其他的礼物。然而，我们又给予了大海什么呢？ 垃圾。我们把大海当做垃圾桶的时候污染了大海。海洋虽然巨大无边,却无法容纳所有我们倾倒 进去的水。把垃圾往大海里倾倒就是在把海洋生物杀绝灭尽。然而，随着世界人口的增长，我们 也许将会比以往任何时候都需要海洋以及它给人类带来的东西。我们最终认识到，如果破坏了海洋，我们就将毁灭自己。只希望这个认识还不算太迟。 第二篇 Teamwork in Tourism Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers. (1) They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. ⑵ Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. (3) Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. (4) (5) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers. 练习： A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services. B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours. C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries. E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients. F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases. 答案与题解： 1.C本段第二句和第三句话都以人称代词they作主语，但所指不明。在大多数情况下，其指 代对象应在同一段落的前文中找。C与这两个句子在结构和意思上都是平行的，时态也一 致，而且用travel operators这个名词去替代这两个句子中的they都讲得通。 2.B这一句继续讲旅游经纪人的工作,它同本段前三句话在时态、结构和意思上一致或平行。 3.F指示词this/that及其复数形式在英语中是重要的衔接手段，多数情况下this指上文刚刚 提到的事情或说过的话。本段第一句话说旅游顾问召开研讨会使代理人熟悉新业务和销售 技巧。承接这句话，F说“通过这种方式，代理人学会了怎样对旅行自的地加以解释以及向 游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车 的购买”。“这种方式”就是指上一句话中的召开研讨会，因而F是最合适的选项。 4.E本段第一句话说房地产公司和旅行社密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾 了顾客的方便和他们自己的财政方面的安排。E实际上进一步阐述了二者之间相互依赖的 紧密关系。 5.A写文章讲究句子和段落之间的衔接。第四段讲到了房地产公司和旅行社之间相互依赖 的合作关系,A说“旅行社和运输公司之间也存在着同等程度的信任”，像same, different (ly) , similar(ly), otherwise这样的词语有很强的衔接力，属于指称衔接（reference)中的比 较衔接。下一句话详细解释旅行社和运输公司之间的关系，进一步印证了应该选A。 译文：旅游业中的团队合作 不同旅游部门之间越来越多的合作证明对有关各方都有益。政府机构、贸易与旅游协会、运 输公司和房地产公司都一齐致力于为旅行者创造良好的条件。 旅游经纪人作为旅游计划的专家提出广泛的研究方案。他们了解所有的旅游区和所有运输公 司的服务。他们的专长是组织不同类型的旅游活动以及准备有效的广告宣传。他们把材料分发给 旅行社。这些材料包括杂志、小册子和广告项目。他们提供熟悉情况和组织研讨问题的旅游，从 而使旅行社在短时间内就能获得有关他们正在推出的旅行活动的第一手资料。 旅游顾问举办各种重要的研讨会以便使旅行社代理人熟悉新的方案和技巧。通过这种方式, 代理人学会了怎样对旅行目的地加以解释以及向游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞 机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车的购买。 房地产公司与旅行社之间密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾了顾客的方便和 他们自己的财政方面的安排。旅行社依靠旅馆提供良好的服务，反过来，旅馆依靠旅行社来完成 合同，招揽顾客。 在旅行社与运输公司（包括汽车出租和观光服务)之间也存在着同种程度的信任。运输公司 依靠旅行社来提供乘客，而旅行社依靠运输公司提供受游客欢迎的旅行活动。所有服务机构都以 提高效率、价格公平及使顾客满意为宗旨。第三篇 The Value of Tears Tears can ruin make-up, bring conversation to a stop, and give you a runny nose. They can leave you embarrassed and without energy. However,crying is a fact of life…and tears are veryuseful. (1)These create a film over the eye's surface. This film contains a substance that protects your eyes against infection. Tears relieve stress,but we tend to fight them for all sortsof reasons. "
eople worry about showing their emotions. They’re afraid that once they lose control, they’ll never get it back,”explains psychologist Dorothy Rowe. (2) As adults we still fear the consequences of showing emotions.” Almost any emotion—good or bad, happy or sad—can cause tears. Crying is a way that we release built-up emotions. Tears help you when you feel you are ready to explode because of very strong feelings. (3) When some people become very stressed, however, they can’t cry. They may be feeling shock,anger, fear, or grief, but they repress the emotion. “Everyone has the need to cry,” says psychotherapist Vera Diamond. Sometimes in therapy sessions, patients participate in crying exercise (4) Diamond says it’s best to cry in safe, private places,like under the bed coversor in the car. That’s because many people get uncomfortable when others cry in front of them. In fact,they may be repressing their own need to cry. In certain situations, such as at work, tears are not appropriate. (5) “But once you are safely behind closed doors, don't just cry,” Diamond says, she suggests that you act out the whole situation again and be as noisy and angry as you like. It will help you feel better. “And,” she adds, “once your tears have released thestress, you can begin to think of logical way to deal with the problem.” Tears are a sign of our ability to feel. You should never be afraid to cry.练习：A It may explain why people who areafraid tocry often suffer more heart attacksthan people cry more freely.B It’s good to hold backtears during a tense business discussion.C Crying has good effects on the body.D Even when you're not crying, your eyes producetears.E They practice crying so that they can get used toexpressing emotion.F As children we were sometimes punished for shedding tears or expressing anger.答案与题解：1. D 此空的上一句讲到眼泪很有用，后一句讲到眼泪的具体用处，并且句首是these，所以所填的这句应该有眼泪，根据上下文只有选项D最适合。选项C与前一句话意思重复。2. F 下文提到作为成人，我们仍然害怕流泪，所填的这句应该讲我们还是孩子时对流泪的恐惧。所以，答案是选项F。3. A 上文讲到哭能够帮助我们发泄心中的强烈情感，所以经常哭的人会比不常哭的人获得某种益处，根据上下文，只有选项A比较贴切。4. E 上文提到患者要练习哭，这里应该讲练习哭的原因。所以，答案是选项E。5. B 上一句提到在某些场合哭是不合适的，所以此处也应该具体解释不适合哭的场景，答案是选项B。泪水可以破坏妆容，使对话停止，让鼻子流涕。眼泪会让你陷入尴尬、无力的境地。但是，哭的确是生活的事实，眼泪也有很多用处。即使当你不哭的时候，你的眼睛也会产生泪水。这些泪水在眼睛的表面形成一层薄膜。这个薄膜包含一种物质，可以保护你的眼睛免受感染。 泪水可以缓解压力，但是人们为了各种原因不愿意流泪。人们担心会流露情感。他们担心一旦失控，就再也收不回来了。心理学家Dorothy Rowe解释道。我们还是孩子的时候，就常常会因为流泪或表达恐惧而受到惩罚。成年后，我们仍然担心流露情感的后果。 几乎任何情感——好的或者坏的，高兴的或者悲伤的——都能导致流泪。哭是我们释放日益强烈的情感的一种方式。当你感觉某种强烈的情感导致你要爆发时，眼泪就可以帮助你了。它可以解释为什么害怕哭的人比自愿哭的人更容易得心脏病。 但是，当有些人感到压力大时，他们却哭不出来。他们可能会感到惊恐、愤怒、担心或者悲伤，但是他们压抑情感。“每个人都有哭的需要”，心理治疗师Vera Diamond说。有时在治疗阶段，患者会参与到哭的练习中。他们练习哭是为了能习惯表达情感。Dismond说最好是在安全、私人的地方哭，像床罩下面或者车里。这是因为许多人对于其他人在他们面 前哭都会感到不舒服。事实上，他们可能是在压抑他们自己哭的需要。 在特定的场景下，比如在工作时，流泪就不合适了。在进行紧张的商业讨论时抑制住泪水是比较好的。 “但是一旦你在门后是安全的，就不要只是哭泣”，Diamond说道。她建议，你可以让整个场景重现，并且尽你所愿地吵闹、生气。这会让你感觉更好。 “并且”，她补充道，“一旦你的眼泪把你的压力释放出来，你就能开始考虑用合理的方法去解决问题。”流泪是我们有感知能力的表现。你永远不应该害怕哭泣。第四篇 The First Four Minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, ”Contact： The first four minutes" ’ he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships： “(1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. ” You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met.(2)If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear fiiendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves1. ” On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic，realizing that the other person has his own needs， fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a fiiendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way. ” (3) We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one. ” But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships2 ’ especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger3 . That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions. (4) For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course5 in everyschool, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. — (5) That is at least as important as how much we know. 练习： A In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. B Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to4 relationships with family members and friends. C In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F He is eager to make friends with everyone. 译文：最初四分钟 人们什么时候决定他们是否愿意成为朋友？按列奥纳多·祖尼博士的书中所说是在他们相处 的最初四分钟。在他的书《接触：最初四分钟》里，他向所有对开始新的友谊感兴趣的人们提出 了这样的建议：“每次你在社交场合遇到什么人时，全神贯注地注意他四分钟。许多人如果这样做了的话，他们的生活就会完全不同。” 你可能已经注意到了，一般人都不会全神贯注地注意一个他刚认识的人。他不停地往其他 人身后看，好像要在屋里其他地方找到更趣的人似的。如果有人对你这样，你大概不会很喜欢他。 作者建议，当我们被介绍给新认识的人时，我们应该尽力显得友好和自信。一般讲，他说：“人们喜欢那些有自信心的人。” 另一方面我们不能让别人觉得我们太自以为是。表现出感兴趣、有同情心，能意识到别人有他们自己的需要、担心和希望是很重要的。 听到这样的建议，有人或许会说：“但是我不是一个友好的、自信的人。那不是我的天性。我如果那样做将是不诚实的。” ’ 作为回答，祖尼博士说只要我们稍加练习就可以帮助我们改变社交习惯。对我们选择的个 性上的改变我们会慢慢习惯。“这就像适应一辆新车。 一开始会觉得陌生，但它比旧车好开。” 但是当我们不觉得友好且自信的时候却给人那样的表象，这是诚实吗？可能是，但是祖尼博士认为在社会关系上“绝对的诚实”并非总是好的，尤其是在接触的最初四分钟里。任何事情都有时间限制。在和陌生人接触的头几分钟，适当演一点儿戏是最合适不过的了。那种时候不适于 抱怨健康状况或谈论别人的缺点，也不适于全盘托出某人的观点和印象。 以上有关陌生人的建议有很多也适合于家庭成员和朋友间的关系。对于丈夫和妻子或父母与 孩子来说，久别重逢的前几分钟最容易出问题。祖尼博士建议认真对待离别重逢的最初四分钟。 如果有不愉快的事情需要讨论，也应该稍后再说。作者说每个学校都应该把人与人之间的关系作为必修课，和阅读、写作、数学等一起上。他 认为一生中的成功主要看我们如何与别人相处。至少这和我们拥有的知识一样重要。 第五篇 Financial Risks Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing ； the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. (1) They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.(2) Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. (3) The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to2 the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility3,expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. (4) Management information systems and— effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk4，so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market. Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years，most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects5. (5) International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float,devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs. A Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. B One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. C Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.1 D The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. E Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especiallyaware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. F Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation. 答案与题解： 1.C从文章结构上看，第一段提出要讨论三种主要的金融风险：商业风险、政治风险和外汇 险。第三、第四段的主题句告诉我们这两段分别讨论了政治风险和外汇风险，第二段自然是 谈商业风险,用C作该段主题句是最合适的。 2.B本段第二、第三句话列举了商业风险的种种表现形式，B说:“国际市场独有的一种风险 与金融调节有关。”后一句话的主语Such risk指的就是这一独特的风险，such在句子之间起 到了衔接作用。 3.D本句和前一句举例说明因产品质量争议而引起的所谓国际市场独有的商业风险。本句 主语the distributor指的就是上句中出现的a distributor in Germany，这里distributor通过重复 在句子之间起到了衔接作用。 4.A本段主要谈政治风险，因而选项A最合适。 、 5.E本段主要谈外汇风险，E说：“世界主要货币的浮动汇率制迫使所有商家特别关注汇率的 波动，并意识到需要调整金融计划来作补偿。”后一句以国际商用机器公司为例说明这一情况。 译文：金融风险 国际金融市场的风险存在几种类型，主要是商业风险、政治风险和外汇风险。 商业风险事实上是日常商务活动中一般的信用风险。包括偿债能力、违约和拒绝付款。然而 竞争才是最主要的风险，需要持续有效的管理和营销才能在竞争中立足。国际市场的二个独特的 风险是金融调节方面的风险。这种风险产生于有关货物质量、合同条款及货款不兑现方面引起的 争执。例如，有一家公司将几百吨脱水土豆运给德国一家批发商，这^^批发商经过检验认为这些 土豆的味道和质地不合标准。对于出口商这方来说,可以降低价格、另寻买主或将土豆运回国内， 两者均需要付出相当大的代价。 政治风险与战争、变革、货币的不可兑换性、土地征用、驱逐出境、进口许可的限制或取消 有关。政治风险是所有商务活动都需要考虑的环境因素。是通过信息管理系统和有效的决策程序 防范政治风险的最好办法。许多公司都发现，有时政治风险是不可避免的，所以商家必须心中有 数或是放弃某些市场的交易o 汇率不稳定也必然会产生不利影响。但多年来，大多数公司都能采取预防性措施将这种不利 影响降到最低限度。世界主要货币的浮动汇率制迫使所有商家尤为关注汇率的波动，并意识到需 要调整金融计划来作补偿。例如，国际商用机器公司曾报道1981年第三季度的收益额因为汇率变 动而急剧下降了 21.6%。实行浮动汇率制以前，主要货币的贬值并不常见，而且通常可以预测得 到。但是在浮动汇率制度下，汇率的波动是很常见的。*第六篇 Mobile Phones Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved1 to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobody’s going to drop dead overnight2 but we should be asking for more scientific information，” Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. ____1____ A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3. 3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day3. ____2____ As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas5. ____3____The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby. Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. ____4____ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates. ____5____ According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects. 练习： A He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults6. B By the year 20004 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones ：nearly one for every two people. C “If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised,” he said. D Then who finances the research? E For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community. F The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit. 答案与题解： 1．C“空1”应该填入与low-level radiation有关的内容，例如：low-level radiation究竟有害还是无害。所以，C是合适的选项。此外,直接引语也佐证了选择的合理性。 2．B“空2”前面一句介绍了澳大利亚拥有手机的现状。选项B的内容是对到2000年之前手机发展前景的预测，内容连贯，是正确答案。 3．E这一段第一句说的是，许多微波发射塔建在人口稠密的居民区。选项E的内容涉及微、波发射塔的地点选择只考虑到地理位置，而不顾及社区的安全。选项E扩展了第一句表达的信息。此外，选项E中出现tower这个词，与第一句的tower相呼应，也佐证了选择的合理性。 4．A“空4”前面一句说的是Robert Bell建议政府应该禁止在儿童比例高的地区（如学校操场、儿童医疗中心、居住小区等）的500米半径范围内建造发射塔。选项A说明为什么要这样做的原因，因而是答案。 5．D“空5”后面一句说的是major telephone companies出钱资助研究项目的问题，提示了D是正确答案。 译文：移动电话 根据科学家罗伯特·贝尔的观点，如果移动电话被证实是一种辐射危害的来源的话，那在上 面应该贴一个标签。而且直到移动电话发射塔的电磁辐射对人体健康的长期影响有一个合乎科学 的评价之前，不能建造更多的发射塔。“没有人会在一个晚上就倒地死去，伹我们还是应该寻找更 多的科学论据去指出它的危害。”罗伯特?贝尔在一次关于少量辐射对人体健康影响的会议上说。 “如果移动电话被证明有危害，就应该在它上面贴一个警告标签，直到设计出合适的隔离屏为 止。”他说。 在公众中一个广泛的流行说法是，现在的科学家们还不能完全地保证，电磁辐射对人类没有 负面影响。正如罗伯特?贝尔所指出，仅在澳大利亚就有330万部移动电话，而且正以每天 2 000部的速度增加。估计到公元2000年之前澳大利亚将拥有800万部移动电话，接近每两人一部手机。 同时，在澳大利亚境内分布着2 000座发射塔，其中有许多还坐落在人口密集的居民区。例 如，Telstra, Optus和Vodaphone所建造的发射塔从地理位置上来说是合适的，但都忽视了公众的 需求。从这些发射塔发出的电磁辖射可能已经对附近的居民产生了一些有害影响。 罗伯特·贝尔建议，在更多的研究工作未完成之前，政府应该禁止在学校操场、儿童日托中 心、医院、运动场所以及儿童占比例较高的居住场所方圆500米范围内建造发射塔。他说显现的 证据表明，儿童以成年人三倍多的比例吸收微量辐射。同时他补充说还有一个证据证明如果癌症 患者受到电磁波的辐射，就会导致疾病的加速恶化。 那么谁资助这项研究呢？罗伯特·贝尔认为由较大的电话公司提供资金是合情合理的，他还极力主张政府进行一系列广泛的关于辐射可能对身体健康有所影响的调查与研究。*第七篇 The World's Longest Bridge Rumor has it that1 a legendary six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily.(1) When completed in 2010, theworld's longest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tons 一 equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic — and stretch 5 kilometers long. “ That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built. ’，says structural engineer Shane Rixon. (2) They're suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges. A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54，100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge's load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1. 2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built. When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers. (3 ) Getting these cables up will be something2. It's not just their length — totally 5. 3 kilometers — but their weight. '—— (4) After lowering vertical “suspender’，cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60 meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck— wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139，000 tons — equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. (5) 练习： A Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds. B What do the world's longest bridges have in common? C If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼晡而过)across the Messina Strait Bridge. D They're what will keep the bridge from going anywhere. E The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires. F They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons — more than half the bridge's total mass. 答案与题解： 1.C选项C中有一个关键词beast,与第一句的monster相呼应。所以，C是答案。 2.B第二段第二.句的主语是They。由于表语是suspension bridges, They替代的一定是 前面句子出现过的bridges。六个选项中，只有B含有bridges，且填在第二段段首意思 连贯。 3.E “空3”前面的句子有the first job这几个词。有first,必有second/then。六个选项中，只 有E含有The second job。所以，E是答案。 4.F “空4”前面的句子说的是，把这些吊索吊高定位是有难度的，不仅仅由于它们很长，还 由于它们很重。F介绍了它们的重量，应该是“空4”前面的句子的后续句。 5.D “空5”前面的句子说的是，桥桩很重要。为什么很重要呢？ D解释了桥桩的作用，意思 连贯，所以是答案。 译文：世界上最长的桥 据传说，在意大利和西西里岛间的第勒尼安海的深处，潜伏着一头神奇的六头怪兽。如果这是真的，你有可能在飞驶过墨西拿海峡桥时窥视到这怪物。到2010年该桥竣工的时候，它将是一座世界上最长且重达30万吨的大桥，这个重量近似于撞沉泰坦尼克号巨轮的冰山的重量。这座桥长约5千米，桥的结构工程师雪恩·里克森说：“|它比有史以来最长的桥还长出约50%。” 那么，世界上最长的这些桥之间有什么共同点呢？它们都是吊桥，有着巨大的桥的构架，横跨航道或峡谷间的巨大水域。一座吊桥只需要两个塔身来支撑绳索。墨西拿海峡桥的两座塔将分别重54100吨，它们将支撑住桥的大部分重量。桥的绳索很结实，每条直径1.2米，它们将支起建桥史上最长最宽的桥板。 墨西拿海峡桥的建造将于2005年开始，那时要做的第一项工作将是树立起两座370米高的铁塔。第二项工作将是在海峡两端支起两套钢索，每一套绳索由44352根单独的钢缆组成。把这些钢缆举起来是很不容易地。这不仅仅体现在钢缆很长（共有5.3千米），而且也由于它们的重量，它们将重达166500吨，这个重量已超过类桥总重量的一半。在从主绳索上降下垂直的悬索后，建造者将造起一条60米宽、54630吨重的公路，或者说是桥板，这个宽度的路将可容纳12条交通车道。桥板的重量将使两端的钢索负重70500吨。反过来，相应的钢索将以139000吨的力度拽着牢牢扎根了的固定物，这个力度近似于10万辆轿车的总重量。这些桥桩是很必要的，正是这些桥桩防止了桥的随便移动。 *第八篇 Public Relations Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases , designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image1. (1) Since public relations involves communications with stockholders,financial analysts，government officials，and other noncustomer groups，it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department or consultant will likely not be in tune with2 marketing efforts. (2) Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix. (3) Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department4, as it can provide a useful adjunct to5 the regular advertising. (4) The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function，whether within the company or an outside firm，can take care of public image problems and opportunities. (5) Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business7，such as its product quality，the servicing and handling of complaints，and the tenor of the advertising. Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions. 练习： A Publicity may be in the form of news releases that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department. B Furthermore, not all publicity is initiated by the# firm； some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised. C Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm，usually in the form of press releases or press conferences. D Many factors impact on the public image. E It surely causes heavy losses to the company. F Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences. 答案与题解： 1.C文章第一段给公关下定义，其中特别提到公关包括对外宣传。把C放在这里起承接上一 段，引出下一段的作用。 2.F前一句说这种组织设置会成为一种限制，因为公关部门或公关顾问很可能与营销部门不 相协调一致，那么这种情况会造成什么后果呢？ F说:“可能会导致沟通不畅、彼此不合作的 后果。”这两句话放在一起意思连贯、顺畅。E似乎也能构成答案，但语气过于肯定,所述内 容过于具体，上下文没有足够的信息使之成为合适的选项。 3.A A句意思为:“公关部进行的宣传也可以是新闻发布形成的。这种形式能为公司带来良 好影响。”后一句说，另一方面，宣传也不能脱离营销部门，因为它是对正规广告宣传的一种 有益补充。这两句话从两个不同的方面谈对外宣传的运作方式及其意义，意思连贯，on the other hand起了衔接作用，属于连接衔接(conjunction)。 4.B B句意思为:“此外，并非所有的宣传都由公司发起，有些宣传来自于媒体的反应，即由于 公司颇有争议甚至十分不明智地采取了或未采取某些行动而引起的媒体的负面反应。”这句 话和前两句都是谈公司的对外宣传，可以自然地构成一个段落,fortherm0re起了衔接作用， 也属于连接衔接。 5.D前一句意思为：“我们想强调的一点是公司如果认为有关公众形象的一切伺题或机遇可 以由从事公关的部门（无论是公司内部部门还是子公司)处理好,那是自欺欺人。”这是从反 面说明问题，D说:“有众多因素作用于公众形象。”这是从正面说明问题，一正一反都要说明 公众形象不是专门的公关部门可以独立做好的简单事情，下文是对众多影响因素的进一步 解释。 译文：公关 公关是指一整套有计划的包括广告宣传在内的公司的对外联络，旨在提高信誉，树立良好形象。 宣传时公关的一部分，一般由公司发起，包括新闻发布会和记者招待会两种常见形式。因为公关包含公司与股东、金融分析家、政府官员及其他非消费者群体之间的联络，所以公关部从营销部划分出去，作为一个直接对总部负责的行政部门或独立的咨询公司。这种组织设置会成为一种限制，因为公关部门或公关顾问很有可能与营销部门不相协调一致。这样就可能导致沟通不畅、彼此不合作的后果。尽管公关的基本目的是要积极创造一种良好的公众形象，然而通常情况下公关部门对于树立公众形象的影响不能与其他有关因素的影响相比。 公关部进行的宣传页可以是新闻发布形式的。这种形式能为公司带来良好影响。另一方面，宣传页不能脱离营销部，因为宣传是对正规广告宣传的一种有益补充。此外，并非所有的宣传都由公司发起；有些宣传来自于媒体的反应，即由于公司颇有争议甚至十分不明智地采取了或未采取某些行动而引起的媒体的负面反应。 我们想强调的一点是公司如果认为有关公众形象的一切问题或机遇都可以由从事公关的部门（无论是公司内部部门还是子公司）处理好，那是自欺欺人。有众多因素作用于公众形象。其中有许多因素与公司经营的方式有关，比如产品的质量、售后服务及顾客意见的处理以及广告的意向。公关和定向宣传有助于突出有新闻价值、能产生有利影响的事件，而且能成功地缓和因不利的宣传带来的不良影响，但是对公众形象的树立具有更加持久影响的却是其他众多因素。*第九篇 Style, Not FashionStyle goes way beyondfashion: It is the distinctive way we put ourselves together. It is a uniqueblend of spirit and substance-personal identity imposed oil and created throughthe world of things. _____ (1) It is what people really want when they aspireto be fashionable. (if they aren't just adorningthemselvesin status symbols).Through clothes, wereinvent ourselves every time we get dressed. Our wardrobe is our visual vocabulary. Style is ourdistinctive pattern of speech, our individual poetry.Fashion is the least of it.Style is, for starters, one part identity: self-awareness and self-knowledge._____ (2) And style requires security-feeling at home in your body, physically andmentally. Of course, like all knowledge, self-knowledge must be updated as yougrow evolve; style takes ongoing self-assessment.Style is also one partpersonality: spirit: verve, attitude, wit, inventiveness. It demands the desireand confidence to express whatever mood one wishes. Such variability is notonly necessary but a reflection of a person's unique complexity as a humanbeing. _____ (3) In order to work, style must reflect the real self, thecharacter and personality of the individual; anything less appears to be acostume?Lastly, style is one partfashion. It's possible to have lots of clothes and not an ounce of style. Butit’s also possible to have very few clothes and lots of style. Yes, fashion isthe means through which we express style, but it takes fewer clothes to bestylish than you might imagine.Whatever else it is, styleis optimism made visible. Style presumes that you are a person of interest:that the world is a place of interest that life is worth making the effort for.It also shows that you are morally responsible. It shows that you don't buythings at the whim of the marketplace or the urging of marketers. _____ (4) Styleexposes people's ambivalence over good looks. It always demonstrates that appearancesdo count. Deep down we suspect this, since we ourselves make judgments aboutothers from how they look.No one should be penalizedfor not having style, of course, but those who have it are distinctive and thusmore memorable. _____ (5) They announce to the world that they are in commandof themselves.练习：A It is a way of capturing something vibrant,making a statement about ourselves in clothes.B Fashion is part of sty1e.C Rather, you focus on what is personallysuitable and expressive.D You can’t have style until you have a senseof who you are.E They create a unique identity for themselvesand express it through grooming and a few well-chosen clothes.F People want to be themselves and to be seenas themselves.第九篇 风格，不仅是时尚 风格远不止于时尚，它是一种让我们把自己结合在一起的独特的方式。它是精神和物质独一无二的融台——人格同一，并且通过同一束刨造万物的世界。它是一种捕捉活跃事物的方式，是通过服装来表达自我。它是人们渴望赶上时尚潮流所真正想要的（如果他们不仅仅是在地位象征中美化自己）。 每次穿农时，我们都通过所穿的服装束重新塑造自己，我们的全部服装就是我们的可视 视觉形象。风格是我们特有的讲话方式，是我们独有的诗歌艺术。 时尚是最后体现风格的。对于新手来说，风格是个人身份的部分：是自我意识和自我认知。直到你知道自己是谁，你才能拥有风格。风格需要有安全感——在你的身体里感觉很自在，无论是精神上还是身体上。当然，就像所有知识，自我认知一定要随着你的成长和进步而不断更新，风格也不断地在自我评估。 风格也是个性的一部分：精神，精力、态度、风趣，发明创造。它需要一种欲望与自信来达一个人最希望拥有的情绪。这种可变性不仅是必颁的，而且能反映出一个人之所以为人的独特的复杂性。人们想要做自己并且被人看到这就是自己。风格必须能反映出真实的自己、个人的特点和十性才会起作用．稍微不足，就只会剩一套衣服而已。 最后，风格是时尚的一部分。有可能有很多衣服却没有一丁点儿的风格。但足，也有可能有很少的衣服却有很多风格。是的，时尚是一种方式，通过它我们表达自己的风格，但是即便是用比你想象得还要少的服装也可以很有风格。 无论还有其他什么东西，风格是最能被见到的。从风格中能够看出，你是一个能引起关注的人，这个世界是一个能引起兴趣的世界，生活是值得人们为之奋斗的、还可以看出，你在道德上是有责任心的，你在商场买东西时不是心血来潮，或是受营销人员的驱使，而是关注个人的适用性和表达性。风格展现出入们对漂亮容貌的矛盾心理。它总是在揭示容貌是重要的。我们在心底里怀疑，因为我们自己通常是通过他人的外貌来评判他们。 当然，没有人会因为没有风格而受到惩罚。但是有风格的人是独特的．因此也更容易被人记住。他们为自已创造独特的身份，并目通过打扮和几件精心挑选的衣服表达出来。他 们向世界宣告，他们掌控自己 *第十篇 Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industries1 such as mining, farming and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy. It has been recognized for decades2 that ants一which are highly sensitive to ecological change一can provide a near-perfect barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees._____(1)_____ And still others will move in and take up residence. By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how "stressed" the land is._____(2)_____Ants are used simply because they are so commonand comprise so many species. Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recolonize the stripped land quickly than others._____(3)_____Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland. Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations." We found it worked extremely well there." says Jonathan Majer, a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it: "That's the great thing about ants3." Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accepttheir results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting4. _____(4)_____ Why not? Because many companies can't afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists. _____(5)_____ 练习： A This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery. B Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren't used widely. C Employing those people are expensive. D They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys. E The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem. F Others will die out for lack of food. 译文：生态变化的气压计——蚂蚁 外出野餐时，蚂蚁被当做是害虫：但是它们有自己的用途。在诸如釆矿业、农业和林业等行 业里，蚂蚁可以用来测量环境是否健康，它们会随环境的变化而四处爬动、坐立不安。 几十年以来，蚂蚁一直被认为对生态变化极为敏感。几乎可以充当测量一个生态系统状态的 气压计。比如，在被砍光树的森林里，只有某些特定的物种可以继续存活，其他则会因为缺少食 物而死去，而另外的一些物种则会进入这块地方并在此繁衍生息。 科学家可以通过观察哪些物种居住在没有树林的地方来确定该块土地受的“压力”有多重。 而这个观察又通过对蚂蚁的分类、数目的确定及与上次调查结果的对比分析来进行。科学家利用 蚂蚁就是因为它们随处可见并种类繁多。 一些矿井地带在复原的过程中，有一些蚂蚁的物种会比其他物种更快地重新在植被被破坏了 的土地上安家，这样可以帮助科学家测定生态恢复的速度和进程。澳大利亚矿业公司卡普瑞考恩 煤矿管理集团几年来已经成功地运用蚂蚁观测的方法来确定土地恢复的速度。这块土地临近昆士 兰的德国小溪煤矿附近，现在正在重新种植植被。 在非洲和巴西，炎热的天气促进蚂蚁繁殖的密度和种类。那里，蚂蚁也被用于一些矿点复原 的项目中，乔娜森?梅吉是一位环境生物学教授，他说：“我们发觉这个方法在这里非常适用。” 他又说：“然而这种调查的方法也非常适合亚洲地区的气候，因为在亚洲蚂蚁很普遍。这是蚂蚁的 可贵之处。” 用蚂蚁来做调查已被誉为生态预言的指针，世界各地的政府都承认通过它们而得出的关于估 测采矿和伐林对环境带来的影响的结果。然而在另外一些行业中，比如农业和房地产开发业，用 蚂蚁调查的方法并没有被广泛地采用。 , 为什么不用呢？因为许多公司付不起此种方法的开支，以及要花在实验室用来详审调查结果 的时间。高额的费用还来自于研究蚂蚁的专家的稀少，花钱雇他们得出大价钱。 第六部分 完形填空第一篇 A Life with Birds For nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman warders, __1__ known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the __2__ of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. "__3__ our bedroom we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, " says David. The Tower of London is famous __4__ its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was __5__ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no __6__ in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always __7__ of the fact that I am __8__ a tradition. The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to __9__ sure this doesn't happen!" David_10_about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the _11__ that he lives right next to them is ideal. "I can _12__ a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working." __13__, David's wife Mo was not __14__ on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. "When we look out of our windows, we see history __15__ around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories." 练习： 1. A. more B. better C. sooner D. very 2. A. height B. summit C. peak D. top 3. A. Since B. Out C. From D. Through 4. A. for B. because C. of D. by 5. A. award B. applied C. presented D. offered 6. A. regret B. delay C. hesitation D. choice 7. A. aware B. knowing C. pleased D. delighted 8. A. holding B. maintaining C. surviving D. lasting 9. A. take B. make C. have D. keep 10. A. devotes B. spends C. passes D. provides 11. A. reason B. chance C. opportunity D. fact 12. A. hold B. have C. keep D. put 13. A. Firstly B. First of all C. At first D. First 14. A. interested B. keen C. fond D. happy 15. A. every B. all C. much D. so 作为伦敦塔的守卫者之一David Cope在那里工作了近17年，被游客们称为Beefeaters。David，64岁，生活在Byward塔顶部的一个三居室的单元里，一个警卫室。 David说：“从我们的卧室看去，我们可以看到伦敦塔桥和泰晤士河的一个美好景色。” 伦敦塔以大黑色的鸟——乌鸦而著名，它们已经在那里生活了三个多世纪。David立刻被这种鸟迷住了，当他在八年前被提供乌鸦主人的职位时他毫不犹豫 地接受了它。“这种鸟类现在已经成为我的生命，我总是警觉到我在保持一个传统。传说中说，如果乌鸦离开伦敦塔，英国将落到敌人手中，我的工作就是确保这种 情况不会发生!”David每天大约用四个小时的时间来护理乌鸦。他已经爱上了它们，而他紧挨在它们的旁边生活是最佳选择。“我可以在所有的时间内密切关注它们，不仅 仅是在工作的时候。”起初，David的妻子Mo对生活在塔里的想法并不热衷，但David明年即将退休，她要离开时也会很伤心。“当我们透过我们的窗口 向外看，我们看到历史环绕在我们身边，我们正接受它并为我们未来的记忆存储它。” 第二篇 A Lucky Break Actor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when he's 1 sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he 2 the part of a middleweight boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. 3 the making of the film Harrelson 4 complaining that the fight 5 weren't very convincing, so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasn't 6 on the idea at first, but he was 7 persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring. However, when he realized how seriously his 8 was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas 9 hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious that he had been playing "silly macho games". "She was right," confesses Banderas, "and I was a fool to 10 a risk like that in the middle of a movie." He was 11 of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always 12 of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. "That's when I decided to take 13 acting; I saw it as 14 way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football 15 was, you might say, my first lucky break." 练习: 1. A) practising B) making C) doing D) losing 2. A) plays B) does C) gives D) fights 3. A) When B) As C) While D) During 4. A) kept B) continued C) carried D) insisted 5. A) actions B) matches C) scenes D) stages 6. A) interested B) keen C) enthusiastic D) happy 7. A) lastly B) eventually C) at the end D) after 8. A) competitor B) contender C) opponent D) participant 9. A) very B) more C) such D) so 10. A) take B) make C) have D) get 11. A) remembered B) reminded C) recorded D) replayed 12. A) hoped B) pretended C) dreamed D) looked forward 13. A) up B) on C) to D) over 14. A) further B) additional C) different D) another 15. A) match B) pitch C) court D) course 译文：幸运的骨折 演员Antonio Banderas经常骨折，而且它似乎总是发生在运动时。在影片《拳拳到骨》中，他与Woody Harrelson并肩，扮演一个中量级拳击手。在影片制作过程中，Harrelson不停地抱怨整个打斗场面并不是很令人信服，所以一天，他提议他和Banderas应该进行一场真正的打斗。这位西班牙演员起初对这一想法并不热衷，但最终他还是被他的搭档说服了，他戴上他的手套，爬上了拳击台。然而，当他意识到他的对手是全心全意投入进来时，他开始后悔自己要打斗的决定。在第三轮，Harrelson狠狠地打在Banderas的脸上，以至于居然打破了Banderas的鼻子。女演员Melanie Griffith，他的妻子对他进行这样一场“傻男子气概的游戏”非常愤怒。 “她是对的”，Banderas承认道，“我在电影拍摄过程中进行这样一个冒险真是一个傻瓜。”他记起在他的故乡马拉加进行的一场足球比赛，那次他的腿骨骨折了。他一直梦想成为一个足球明星，在众多观众前比赛。但他的医生告诉他，他的比赛生涯也许就要结束了。“就在那时我决定开始演戏；我认为这是另外一种比赛并且能够得到认可。可以这么说，发生在那次足球场上的事对我而言，是一次幸运的骨折。” 第三篇 Global Warming Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists (1) the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase (2) the world's temperatures and are convinced that, more than (3) before, the Earth is at (4) from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. (5) to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, (6) as hurricanes and droughts, even more (7) and causing sea levels all around the world to (8) . Environmental groups are putting (9) on governments to take action to reduce the (10) of carbon dioxide which is given (11) by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in (12) of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power (13) . Some scientists, (14) believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait (15) hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay. 练习: 1. A) give B) put C) take D) have 2. A) in B) at C) by D) to 3. A) yet B) never C) once D) ever 4. A) threat B) danger C) risk D) harm 5. A) Concerning B) Regarding C) Depending D) According 6. A) such B) just C) even D) well 7. A) strict B) severe C) strong D) heavy 8. A) raise B) arise C) rise D) lift 9. A) force B) pressure C) persuasion D) encouragement 10.A) amount B) deal C) number D) count 11.A) off B) away C) up D) over 12.A) belief B) request C) favour D) suggestion 13.A) factories B) generations C) houses D) stations 14.A) but B) although C) despite D) however 15.A) several B) over C) numerous D) various 译文：全球变暖 现在很少有人质疑全球变暖的现实及其对世界气候的影响。许多科学家把全球气温上升归咎于最近的自然灾害，他们确信，地球现在比以往任何时候都更受到风、雨和太阳这些力量的威胁。据他们说，全球变暖制造了极端天气事件，例如飓风、干旱，甚至更为严重的以至于世界各地的海平面上升。 环保团体对政府施加压力，要求政府采取行动减少工厂和发电厂排放的二氧化碳量，攻击它的资源问题。他们都赞成把更多的资金用到研发太阳能、风能和波浪能装置上，以取代现有的发电站。然而，还有一些科学家，他们相信即使明天我们不再排放二氧化碳和其他气体到大气层中，我们也将不得不等待几百年才能得到结果。全球变暖似乎要在这里停留。 第四篇 A Success Story At 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have (1) Their fortune through the Internet. (2) makes Ben's story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic, and was (3) by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write (4) . "I wanted to prove them (5) ", says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls. When he was eight, his local authorities (6) him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was (7) to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and (8) by his father, he soon began (9) people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he (10) up his own computer consultancy, Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to (11) all his time to business. "By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a (12) of employees to help me", says Ben. "That enabled me to start (13) business with bigger companies.” It was. his ability to consistently (14) difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal (15) $25 million with a private investment company, which will finance his search engine. 练习: 1. A) taken B) made C) put D) done 2. A) This B) That C) Something D) What 3. A) said B) told C) suggested D) reported 4. A) absolutely B) totally C) properly D) thoroughly 5. A) wrong B) false C) untrue D) unfair 6. A) provided B) gave C) offered D) got 7. A) impossible B) incapable C) disabled D) unable 8. A) promised B) invited C) encouraged D) animated 9. A) owing B) charging C) lending D) borrowing 10. A) put B) ran C) made D) set 11. A) pay B) spend C) devote D) invest 12. A) couple B) few C) little D) deal 13. A) having B) doing C) making D) bringing 14. A) overcome B) overlook C) overtake D) overdo 15. A) valuable B) estimated C) priced D) worth 译文：一个成功的故事 19岁时，Ben Way已经是一个百万富翁了，他是越来越多的通过互联网获得财富的青少年之一。而使得Ben的故事更引人注意的是他有诵读困难，并且曾被他的初中教师告知他将永远不能正确读写。“我要证明他们错了。”Ben说。他后来成为Waysearch的创建者和董事长，Waysearch 是一个在网上购物商场查找货物的网络搜索引擎。 Ben八岁时，他所在的地方当局提供给他一台个人电脑以帮助学校工作。虽然他不能阅读使用指南，但他对计算机有一种天赋，在父亲的鼓励下，Ben很快就开始以自己的知识和能力收费——每小时10英镑。15岁时，Ben成立了自己的电脑顾问公司——夸德电脑，他在自己的卧室里运营(这个公司)，两年之后，他离开了学校，并将所有的精力投入到公司经营当中。“此时公司已经发展壮大，我需要雇用几个员工帮助我”，Ben说，“这使我开始与更大的公司做生意。”正是他持续不断地克服困难挑战的能力使他赢得了“年度最佳青年企业家”，也是同年，他成立了Waysearch。最近，他与一家私人投资公司签署了价值2 500万英镑的交易，这家公司将为他的搜索引擎提供资金。 第五篇 Traffic in Our Cities The volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy delays, and the greater risk (1) ______ accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to persuade people to (2) ______ their habits and leave their cars at home. One possible (3) ______ is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by (4)______ charges for parking and (5) ______ tougher fines for anyone who (6) ______ the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, (7) ______ as “road pricing”, is already being introduced in a (8) ______ of cities, using a special electronic card ______ (59) to the windscreen of the car. Another way of (10) ______ with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the (11)______ of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre1. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus (12) ______ for the final stage of their journey. Of course, the most important (13) ______ is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to (14) ______ the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be2 reliable, convenient and comfortable, with fares (15) ______ at an acceptable level. 练习： 1. A) of B) for C) about D) by 2. A) make B) arrange C) suggest D) persuade 3. A) approach B) manner C) custom D) style 4. A) enlarging B) increasing C) growing D) developing 5. A) carrying down B) putting off C) bringing in D) taking away 6. A) crosses B) refuses C) breaks D) cracks 7. A) named B) seen C) called D) known 8. A) quantity B) number C) total D) sum 9. A) fixed B) joined C) built D) placed 10.A) doing B) handling C) dealing D) solving 11.A) outskirts B) border C) outside D) limit 12.A) late B) end C) complete D) final 13.A) thought B) thing C) work D) event 14.A) pass on B) throw away C) give up D) leave out 15.A) taken B) kept C) given D) stood 译文：城市的交通 当今世界，许多城市的交通量在不断扩大。这导致了许多问题，包括严重的空气污染、长时间拥堵，以及交通事故发生概率的增大。显而易见，我们必须要有所行动，但往往说服人们改变他们的生活习惯，使他们把车留在家里是很困难的。 一种可行的方法是通过增加停车收费和加强违规罚款而使人们使用汽车的成本变得更加昂贵。此外，在每天的不同时间，一些特殊路段将对司机另行收费。这个被称为“道路收费”的系统已经被一些城市所引用，它使用一种特殊的电子卡固定在汽车的挡风玻璃上。 另一种处理这个问题的方法是在城市的郊区提供廉价的停车场，并严格控制进入城市中心的车辆数量。司机和乘客乘坐特殊巴士完成他们最后的旅程。当然，最重要的事情还是提供良好的公共交通。然而，要让人们放弃他们汽车的舒适，公共交通必须要让人感觉可靠、便利、舒适，同时票价也要保持在一个可接受的水平。 *第六篇 Teaching and learning Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (1)________in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (2) _______ student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of(3) _______, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned(4) _______ brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is(5) _______ for learning the material assigned. When research is(6) _______ , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with(7) _______ guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain(8) _______ a university library works; they expect students(9) _______ graduate students to exhaust the reference(10) _______ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but(11) _______ that their students should not be (12) _______ dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties (13) _______ teaching， such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (14) _______ . If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either (15) _______ a professor during office hours or make an appointment. 练习: 1. A) suggestion B) context C) abstract D) information 2. A) poor B) ideal C) average D) disappointed 3. A) fun B) work C) learning D) prize 4. A) by B) in C) for D) with 5. A) criticized B) innocent C) responsible D) dismissed 6. A) collected B) distributed C) assigned D) finished 7. A) maximum B) minimum C)possible D) practical 8 A) when B) what C)why D) how 9. A) particularly B) essentially C) obviously D) rarely 10. A) selections B) collections C) sources D) origins 11. A) hate B) dislike C) like D) prefer 12. A) too B) such C)much D) more 13. A) but B) except C) with D) besides 14. A) plentiful B) limited C) irregu1ar D) flexible 15. A) greet B) annoy C) approach D) attach 译文：教与学许多教师认为学习是学生的责任。如果教师布置了一篇长篇阅读的任务，即使他们没在课堂上讨论过或者考试过，他们还是期望学生熟悉这篇读物里的信息。理想的学生被认为是那种为了学习而有动机地学习的学生而不是那种只对高分感兴趣的学生。有时被发回来的作业上只有简短的评价，并无分数。即使不给分数，学生也有责任学习布置的材料。当一项研究课题被选定时，教授们期望学生积极去做并且以最少的指导完成。在图书馆查找书籍、杂志和论文是学生的责任。教授们没有时间去解释一个大学的图书馆如何运行；他们期望学生，尤其是研究生阅尽图书馆中的文献资源。教授们愿意帮助需要帮助的学生，但是更希望学生不要太过依赖他们。在美国，教授除了上课以外还有其他职责，比如管理工作或研究工作。因此一个教授能分给学生的课外时间是有限的。如果一个学生对课堂作业有问题，他应该在办公时间找老师或者预约。 *第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don't yet (1) ______ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about (2) ______ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don't. In fact, computers don't (3) ______ have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer (4) ______ is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a "purpose". Of course, people have several goals that do not make (5) ______ to attribute to computers1. One might read a restaurant guide (6) ______ order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to (7) ______ a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches. However, these physiological and social goals give (8) ______ to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A. goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9) ______ about the name of a restaurant which (10) ______ the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to (11) ______ information or knowledge, what we are calling(12) ______ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer (13) ______ "want" to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so (14) ______ the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not (15) ______ out of hunger in the case of the computer2, it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants. 练习： 1.A) express B) explain C) account D) count 2.A) why B) how C) what D) when 3.A) once B) even C) ever D) often 4.A) program B) instruction C) system D) function 5.A) success B) sense C) scene D) point 6.A) of B) or C) in D) and 7.A) find B) search C) look D) watch 8.A) way B) play C) rise D) birth 9.A) place B) food C) reference D) information 10.A) orders B) sells C) supports D) serves 11.A) acquire B) ask C) require D) consult 12.A) understanding B) learning C) knowledge D) awareness 13.A) could B) might C) should D) would 14.A) as B) on C) by D) in 15.A) arise B) rise C) consent D) derive 译文：人与电脑的区别 是什么让人有别于电脑程序？我们的理论还没有解释的缺少的要素是什么？答案很简单：人们阅读报纸故事为了学习更多他们感兴趣的东西，而电脑不是。事实上，电脑甚至连兴趣都没有，当它们试图阅读时它们没有寻找任何特别的东西。如果一个电脑程序是理解故事模式，那它也是为了某个意图去阅读。 诚然，人类的意图若是被强加到电脑身上便没有任何意义。一个人可能会读就餐指南，只是为了解决饥饿或是有娱乐目的，也可能是为了寻找一个吃商务餐的好地方。电脑不会饿，也不吃商务餐。然而，这些心理和社会目标会导致一些智力或者认知目标。一个想要解决饥饿的意图会促使这样的念头产生：找到一个提供我们想要的食物的餐厅，这餐厅叫什么名，价位如何，在什么位置等。我们把这些为了获取信息或者知识的目标叫作学习目标。电脑也能有这些目标；一台电脑也许“想要”寻找餐厅的方位，并且为了做得像一个人一样去阅读一个指南。虽然这样的目标就电脑来说不是产生于饥饿，但电脑很可能从这个目标去获得更多关于餐厅的信息。 *第八篇 Look on The Bright Side Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always (1) _______ to be successful? Having someone around who always (2) _______ the worst isn’t really a lot of (3) _______ . We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says ，"INooks ( 4 ) _______ rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things，it's important to do something (5) _______ it. You can change your view of life ，(6) _______to psychologists. It only takes a little effort ，and you'll find life more rewarding as a (7) _______. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to (8) _______. Optimists are more (9) _______ to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks. Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your (10) _______to the world. Some people are brought up to (11) _______too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything (12) _______wrong. Most optimists，on the (13 ) _______ hand, have been brought up not to (14) _______failure as the end of the world—they just (15) _______ with their lives. 练习: 1. A) counted B) expected C) felt D) waited 2. A) worries B) cares C) fears D) doubts 3. A) amusement B) play C) enjoyment D) fun 4. A) so B) to C) for D) like 5. A) with B) against C) about D) over 6. A) judging B) according C) concerning D) following 7. A) result B) reason C) purpose D) product 8. A) supply B) suggest C) offer D) propose 9. A) possible B) likely C) hopeful D) welcome 10.A) opinion B) attitude C) view D) position 11.A) trust B) believe C) depend D) hope 12.A) goes B) falls C) comes D) turns 13.A) opposite B) next C) other D) far 14.A) regard B) respect C) suppose D) think 15.A) get up B) get on C) get out D) get over 译文：看光明的一面 你曾经想要让自己变得更乐观吗?想过让自己变成一个总是期待成功的人吗?若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人，我们一定没有什么乐趣——就像我们都知道某些人看到天空有一片云便说要下雨。但是你要是发现自己也这样想了，那就有必要针对它采取一些措施了。 根据心理学家的说法，人们可以改变对生活的看法。只需一点儿努力，你将发现生活会回报给你的更多。人们说乐观主义在一定程度上是自尊和自信，但它也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度。乐观主义者更有可能开始新的项目，通常也更容易准备好去承担风险。很显然，成长经历对于你对待世界的态度的形成是至关重要的。有些人养成了过于依赖别人的习惯，一旦事情出了差错，便责备他人。然而另一方面，许多乐观主义者被教导，不要把失败当成世界末日，只需继续生活。 *第九篇 The First Bicycle The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac (1) ________onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention ，a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an (2) ________version of a children’s toy which had been in (3) ________ for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé had a wooden frame，made in the (4) ________ of a horse ，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，just like a modem bicycle ，and pushed (5) ________ against the (6) ________ with your legs—there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferé and it had no brakes，but despite these problems the invention very much (7) ________to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were (8) ________ races up and down the streets. Minor (9) ________were common as riders attempted a final burst of ( 10 ) ________ . Controlling the machine was difficult ，as the only way to change (11) ________ was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and (12) ________it round while the front wheel was (13) ________ in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long ，however ，as the (14) ________of no springs ，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celeriferé was the (15) ________of the modem bicycle. 练习: 1. A) delighted B) cheered C) appreciated D) overjoyed 2. A) increased B) enormous C) extended D) enlarged 3. A) use B) play C) operation D) service 4. A) resemblance B) shape C)body D）appearance 5. A) fast B) deeply C) heavily D) hard 6. A) surface B) ground C) earth D) floor 7. A) attracted B) appealed C) took D) called 8. A) going B) getting C) holding D) making 9. A) wounds B) trips C) injuries D) breaks 10. A) velocity B) energy C) pace D) speed 11. A) direction B) route C) heading D) way 12. A) ro11 B) drive C) turn D) revolve 13. A) cycling B) circling C) winding D) spinning 14. A) mixture B) link C) combination D) union 15. A) origin B) design C)model D) introduction 译文：第一辆自行车 自行车的历史可以追溯到两百多年前。1791年，西夫拉克伯爵在巴黎的一个公园里向众人展示并炫耀了自己的发明，一架被称作“celeriferé”的双轮车。它主要就是一个使用了很多年的儿童玩具的扩大版。西夫拉克的“celeriferé”有一个马形状的木框，两端分别装有一个轮子。坐上一个小座位便可以骑了，就像骑现在的自行车一样，但双脚要使劲蹬地——因为没有脚踏板。操纵方向和刹车也是不太可能的，尽管有这些问题，这个发明在当时还是吸引了许多巴黎时尚的年轻人。很快他们便举行了比赛，在街上到处骑。当骑手尝试最后冲刺时，受到一些小伤是很普遍的事情。控制那台机器是很难的，改变行驶方向的唯一方法是拉起车前身，当前轮还在空中打转时掉转车头。然而这种木制双轮车并没有流行很长时间，结合了没有弹簧、没有方向舵，以及遭遇不平整路段等问题，木制的双轮车骑起来十分不舒服。尽管如此，这种木制的“celeriferé”还是现在自行车的始祖。 *第十篇 Working Mothers Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems，compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal (1) _______ is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a (2) _______ of mothers who just have to work.. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot (3) _______ see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic (4) _______. Many mothers are not (5) _______ out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated. There are a number of options when it (6) _______ to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady (7) _______ the street. (8) _______, however ，many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No (9) _______ how good the childcare may be ，some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a (10) _______ normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months，but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family (11) _______ . Make sure that in the first week you allow (12) _______ time to help your child settle in. All children are different. Some are independent ，while others are more (13) _______ to their mothers. Remember that if you want to(14) _______ the best for your children ，it's not the quantity of time you spend with them，it's the (15) _______ that matters. 练习: 1. A) view B) idea C) thought D) decision 2. A) percentage B) group C) number D) proportion 3. A) afford B) decide C) hope D) expect 4. A) reason B) duty C) necessity D) task 5. A) made B) cut C) brought D) born 6. A) refers B) concerns C) turns D) comes 7. A) of B) opposite C) across D) next to 8. A) In addition B) In fact C) In reality D) In contrast 9. A) way B) matter C) surprise D) exception 10. A) perfectly B) extremely C) very D) certainly 11. A) people B) adults C) members D) grown-ups 12. A) little B) no C) lots D) plenty of 13. A) used B) attached C) keen D) fond 14. A) make B) give C) have D) do 15. A) quality B) attitude C) behavior D) manner 译文：职业母亲 与全职母亲的孩子相比，对职业母亲的孩子仔细进行的调查并没有展示出任何长期的问题。我的个人观点是，只要妈妈们想工作，那么她们就可以工作。不管我们是否喜欢这一点，有许多妈妈不得不工作，这是事实。有这样的母亲，她们已投入了大半生去创建事业，若是失去这份事业，她们承受不起。还有许多母亲完全是出于经济上的原因必须工作。很多母亲并不是做全职母亲的这块料，与这么可爱的婴儿在家待几个月之后，她们感觉受到了限制，被孤立了。 涉及儿童托管，有很多方式可供选择，从托儿所和保姆到奶奶或是街对面的好心女士。然而实际上，许多父母没有任何选择，不管能有什么都得接受。准备好了啊!不管你选的托管方式有多好，一些孩子被留下时，都会激烈抗议，这是儿童发展过程中完全正常的一个阶段。婴儿刚出生的前六个月对与母亲分开没有感觉，但不久之后他们便会对母亲和亲密家庭成员产生依恋。要保证在第一周付出足够多的时间来帮助他安稳下来。 每个孩子都是不一样的，有的很独立，有的却很依恋母亲。如果你想为你的孩子做到最好，那么记住这一点，你
发表于 2025-5-15 15:44:51
